A novel architecture of electro-hydrostatic actuator with digital distribution

To address the flow imbalance rapidly of the asymmetric Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA), this paper presents a novel architecture of asymmetric EHA with the Digital Distribution (EHA-DD). It also improves the flow nonlinearity and control accuracy of the pump, especially in the low-speed condition. The digital distribution with two High-Speed on–off Valves (HSVs) not only balances flow instead of the check valves, but also replaces the pump at the low-speed to control output flow by adjusting the PWM signal. The pump and HSVs are the crucial components to control flow output. Firstly, the flow calculation models of the pump and the duty ratio inversed model of the HSV are obtained through experimental tests and the identification method. To get the control input signal for the required flow, the pump speed and PWM duty ratio for the HSVs are inversed to compensate for flow output. Further, a multimode digital flow distribution control method based on pump speed, mainly including the pump-controlled mode for large flow demand and valve-controlled mode for little flow demand, is proposed to control the accurate flow output actively. The step extension experiments based on the flow calculation models are conducted on the EHA-DD prototype under elastic, opposite varying load. The results demonstrate that the EHA-DD realizes little position error by accurate flow control, and it is also beneficial to improve the service life of the pump.     

场协同原理在高超声速化学非平衡流动中的推广

应用理论分析与数值模拟方法，将对流传热的场协同原理从不可压缩流动推广至高超声速化学非平衡流动中。结果表明，高超声速化学非平衡层流与湍流的热流密度取决于流动的当地单位体积的动量与单位质量总焓梯度的协同。用当地单位体积的动量与单位质量总焓梯度的协同研究高超声速化学非平衡流动的壁面传热问题，对层流流动下的对流传热，不但计及了高超声速化学非平衡流的密度变化对热流密度的影响，而且包括了静焓梯度、压力梯度、边界层内的分子黏性剪切效应对热流密度的作用；对湍流问题，除了上述层流流动各项对热流密度的影响外，还计及了雷诺剪切应力对热流密度的作用。考虑到高超声速化学非平衡流静焓的定义，高超声速化学非平衡层流及湍流的场协同同时计及所有组分的平动能、转动能、振动能及电子能等梯度的贡献。     

扩压叶栅叶尖非定常流动的涡动力学机理

为了揭示压气机叶尖区旋涡结构与流动非定常性之间的关联，采用URANS对一亚声速平面扩压叶栅在不同攻角下的流场进行了求解，并借助Q判据提取了叶尖瞬态涡系结构。结果表明：泄漏涡的破碎现象能够通过诱导新的涡结构间接作用于相邻通道的叶尖流动，是导致叶尖流场失稳的关键因素。在-0.3°和+0.7°攻角下，叶尖泄漏涡发生了螺旋破碎，并伴随有非定常诱导涡的出现，诱导涡对相邻叶片载荷的影响使得叶尖泄漏涡发生周期性摆动；在+1.7°攻角下，泄漏涡破碎会导致反流涡的形成，反流涡的输运会给叶片载荷和来流攻角带来非定常扰动，反过来又会作用于泄漏涡的破碎和反流涡的生成，最终表现为一种自维持的非定常流动现象。     

应用后缘装置的跨声速层流翼型多岛优化设计

高雷诺数状态下,自然层流技术(Natural laminar flow,NLF)是减小机翼表面湍流摩擦阻力的有效方法。然而由于层流翼面上大范围顺压梯度的存在使得后缘处的恢复压差更大,产生更强的激波。因此在减小摩擦阻力的同时又增加了激波阻力。本文采用后缘装置(Trailing edge device,TED)来控制翼型后缘处的激波强度,基于线性稳定性理论(Linear stability theory,LST)的eN方法对流动进行转捩判断,进而应用多岛并行多目标进化算法(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm,MOEA)以获得大范围层流区域和弱化激波强度为目标对翼型进行优化设计。优化结果表明合作均衡策略耦合进化算法可以快速地捕捉到该多目标问题的Pareto阵面解,阵面上翼型的波阻力和摩擦阻力性能较初始翼型大大改善。同时,采用后缘装置控制激波强度时,无论在设计点还是偏离设计点时,优化后翼型均具有良好的升阻力特性和鲁棒性。     

天基轻气炮发射清除低轨碎片方案及关键技术分析

文章分析了现有的空间碎片清除方式,并以800~1200 km低地球轨道高度上1~10 cm量级的空间碎片为清除目标,提出了天基轻气炮清除碎片的新方法。首先分析了轻气炮有效载荷在典型参数下的弹丸加速能力;之后根据将碎片降轨使其坠入大气层烧毁的设想,提出天基轻气炮共面清除碎片的方式,并选择轨道高度800 km的圆轨道作为碎片运行轨道进行可行性分析。计算表明,对半径10 cm、厚度1 cm的铝合金圆板碎片(质量211.95 g),使用初速1 km/s、重10 g的黏性弹丸可按任务方案达到清除效果。此外,计算出该参数弹丸对轨道高度800~1200 km的圆轨道上可清除的最大碎片质量为500~825 g,证明轻气炮弹丸对1~10 cm的碎片具有较强的清除能力。最后,分析了以轻气炮为有效载荷的航天器在完成清除碎片任务时的关键技术。     

基于功率流理论的星上飞轮隔振效能研究

为分析隔振系统对星上飞轮扰动的衰减效果,需要对隔振系统的隔振效能进行评价。文章运用功率流理论进行飞轮隔振效能研究。建立柔性基础上飞轮隔振系统动力学模型,推导出系统的功率流传递表达式,并通过数值仿真计算初步分析了隔振系统结构参数对功率流传递谱的影响。研究结果可为系统结构参数的优化设计提供参考依据。     

Numerical investigation on flow nonuniformity-induced hysteresis in scramjet isolator

Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the hysteresis inside scramjet isolator during the reciprocating process of back pressure variation. It is revealed that only a regular reflection is theoretically possible for two leading shocks when the inflow Mach number is greater than 2.0, and no hysteresis can occur in the transition between shock reflection types. Nevertheless, wall suction, gas injection, and background waves cause non-uniformity of the incoming flow and would make hysteresis possible. Besides the classical hysteresis in the transition between shock reflection, new kinds of hysteresis were found in both the deflection angle of separated boundary layer and the location of the shock train. Moreover, the occurrence of hysteresis in the deflection angle of the separated boundary layer is accompanied with the shock reflection hysteresis. In the case with background waves or gas injection, hysteresis in the starting position of leading shock was observed too. As back pressure decreases, the leading shock does not follow the same path as that as the back pressure increases, and it is anchored at the location where the background shock or the injection interacts with the leading shock. It is inferred that, if two strong adverse pressure gradient regions move towards and interact with each other, hysteresis will take place when they start to separate.     

叶片冷却的静叶时序对涡轮的性能影响

燃气轮机工作过程中上游叶片的尾迹会周期性地扫掠下游叶片,这使得下游叶栅通道内的流场呈现显著的非定常性。而时序效应作为一种典型的非定常流动现象,已受到国内外学者的广泛关注。本文研究双级气冷涡轮,利用全三维非定常数值仿真的方法分析了第1级与第2级静叶之间的时序位置对涡轮流量和效率的影响。计算结果表明处于不同时序位置下的涡轮第2级静叶叶身冷气流量的差异可达15.6%,涡轮41截面效率和热效率的波动幅值则分别达到了0.33%和0.26%。涡轮冷气流量的变化一定程度上影响了41截面效率,但时序位置对下游叶栅通道流动损失的影响才是造成涡轮效率差异的主要原因。     

沸腾换热在水卡式大热流传感器研制中的应用

为了实现MW级热流环境的长时间稳态测量,研制了一种新型结构的水卡式大热流传感器。该传感器采用U型水冷通道结构,基于沸腾换热理论进行换热设计,设计量程5~15 MW/m~2。在高温超声速燃气流试验台上进行了热流测试试验,实际测试量程3~25 MW/m~2。沸腾换热理论的应用可以在较小的水流速下实现MW级热防护,大大降低了设计难度。新型结构传感器相对传统的中心冲击结构换热效率更高,可实现的量程范围更大。     

Flow mechanism between purge flow and mainstream in different turbine rim seal configurations

The rim seal is used to prevent mainstream ingestion to the gap between the vane of a turbine and its blade. In this article, the dolphin lip with a hook configuration and a large seal cavity with hook structures are designed based on the high-pressure turbine datum single shark lip rim seal configuration. The sealing effect and parameters of the flow field are measured by an experiment method and a numerical simulation is used to explain the mechanism. For three configurations, the effect of the leakage slot vortex on the efficiency of the seal and the influence of leakage vortex, generated by the interaction between purge flow and mainstream flow, are discussed in depth. The result shows that the reverse vortex formed by the dolphin lip rim seal with hook structure will increase the sealing efficiency. The seal configuration with a large cavity improves sealing efficiency to a greater extent than the datum structure. At different purge flow rates and with unequal seal structures, the purge flow produces three types of leakage vortices in the passage. Besides, the seal configuration with dolphin lip produces a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the interface of the purge and the mainstream flows at a low purge flow rate to induce new leakage vortex branches in the passage of the blade.